ArticleScientific reports2026
Neuromuscular performance and biochemical response to maximal anaerobic effort: assessment of longterm adaptations in professional tennis.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Professional tennis involves repeated short-duration, high-intensity anaerobic efforts interspersed with brief recovery intervals. Powerful serves, explosive sprints, rapid directional changes, and muscular contractions place substantial physiological demands and may lead to distinct long-term adaptations at both neuromuscular and biochemical levels, enabling efficient fatigue management and sustained high-level performance during training and competition. This study aimed to analyse the effect of a long-term professional tennis training adaptations both on neuromuscular and biochemical level in context of the fatigue induced by maximal anaerobic effort (MAnE). 14 professional tennis players (TP) (20.00 ± 0.96 years), and 15 physically active men (PAM) (20.07 ± 1.59 years) finished the study. The testing protocol consisted of MAnE in form of 2 × 30-second Wingate Anaerobic Test and maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVICs) and submaximal isometric contractions at 20% and 50% of MVIC of the knee extensors and flexors with a surface electromyography evaluation before and after MAnE. Blood samples were collected at baseline, immediately after, and 3 and 24 h after MAnE to assess serum markers, including 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, albumin, interleukins (IL-6, IL-10, IL-15), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). TP exhibited superior absolute (7.8%, p = 0.05) and relative peak power (10.1%, p < 0.01) during MAnE in compare with PAM. After the MAnE, TP were able to maintain their performance in form of peak rate of torque development in knee flexion of MVIC, while PAM showed it reduction by 26% (p < 0.05). In addition, rectus femoris muscle in TP showed increase in muscle activity (52-62%, p < 0.05) after MAnE in both knee flexion and extension at 20% of MVIC. In context of biochemical analysis, TP had higher TAC levels at baseline (47.8%, p < 0.01) and 24 h after MAnE (34.7%, p < 0.01) compared to PAM. Additionally, while IL-10 concentrations were significantly higher in TP at baseline (22.0%, p < 0.05), at 3 h (14.2%, p < 0.05) and 24 h after MAnE (26.8%, p < 0.05), IL-6 showed attenuated increase after MAnE and its concentrations immediately after (19.8%, p < 0.01) and 3 h (27.5%, p < 0.01) were lower than PAM. The findings indicate that, compared with physically active men, elite tennis players exhibit distinct neuromuscular and biochemical responses to standardized MAnE, which may reflect long-term training-related physiological adaptations.
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