The influence of bottom-up and top-down effects on the distribution and density of common leopards (Panthera pardus) in an Eastern Himalayan landscape.

Karma Choki, Lisanne S Petracca, Ellen O Aikens, Amanda E Cheeseman

Abstract read

In one paragraph

Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

4 authors.

Karma ChokiDepartment of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA. kelchoki7@gmail.com.ORCID 0000-0003-0444-8876

Lisanne S PetraccaCaesar Kleberg Wildlife Research Institute, Texas A&M University - Kingsville, Texas, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-2460-1292

Ellen O AikensSchool of Computing, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA.ORCID 0000-0003-0827-3006

Amanda E CheesemanDepartment of Natural Resource Management, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD, USA.ORCID 0000-0002-3744-0945

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Large carnivore populations face numerous threats, yet leopards (Panthera pardus) remain understudied in Bhutan, where conservation is primarily focused on tigers (Panthera tigris). We evaluated the bottom-up and top-down influences on leopard habitat use, vital rates, and activity patterns, and provide the first nationwide estimate of leopard density in Bhutan. Using nationwide camera trap surveys from 2014-2015 to 2021-2022, we applied spatially explicit capture-recapture (SECR) models to estimate leopard density, dynamic two-species occupancy models to assess leopard-tiger habitat use, colonization, and local extinction, and activity-overlap analyses to evaluate temporal partitioning. Mean leopard density was 1.02 individuals/100 km

Indexed as

EcosystemPantheraAnimalsBhutanConservation of Natural ResourcesHimalayasPopulation DensityPopulation DynamicsTigersCo-existenceDensityLeopardSpatially explicit capture-recaptureTigerTwo-species dynamic occupancy model

Identifiers

PMID42331907

DOI10.1038/s41598-026-58140-7

PMCPMC13408690

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.