ArticleScientific reports2026
Biological and genetic characteristics of Pospiviroid exocortiscitri and Hostuviroid impedihumuli in mulberry trees from Shiraz, Iran, using infectious clones.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Mulberry (Morus alba) leaves exhibiting vein clearing and leaf deformation were subjected to high-throughput sequencing, which revealed the presence of Pospiviroid exocortiscitri (Citrus exocortis viroid, CEVd) and Hostuviroid impedihumuli (Hop stunt viroid, HSVd). Subsequent detection using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and Sanger sequencing confirmed the presence of both viroids exclusively in symptomatic samples. To fulfill Koch's postulates, agroinoculation was performed using recombinant plasmids harboring dimeric cDNA clones of P. exocortiscitri and H. impedihumuli. Inoculated mulberry seedlings developed vein clearing and leaf deformation symptoms consistent with field observations. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) demonstrated significant accumulation of viroid RNA in infected seedlings at 6 and 8 months post-inoculation. Genetic variability was primarily localized within the pathogenicity (P) and variable (V) domains of P. exocortiscitri, and within the P and central (C) domains of H. impedihumuli. Sequence polymorphisms distinguished the Shiraz mulberry isolates from previously characterized reference strains CEVd-S (citrus isolate) and HSVd-morIII (Iranian mulberry isolate). This study integrates molecular and biological analyses of mulberry isolate of P. exocortiscitri and, to the best of our knowledge, provides the first world confirmation of mulberry infection by this viroid. It also establishes the cause - and - effect relationship between H. impedihumuli infection and vein clearing and between P. exocortiscitri infection and leaf deformation in mulberry.
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