ArticleScientific reports2026
Metal oxides-based catalytic pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomasses for bio-oil development: a comparative assessment on process optimization and characterization.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
This study investigated the conventional fixed-bed catalytic pyrolysis using metal oxides (CaO, Fe₂O₃, and TiO₂) to enhance bio-oil yield from three lignocellulosic biomasses: safflower press cake (SPC), coconut press cake (CPC), and coconut shell (CS). The primary characterization, using ultimate, proximate, and compositional analyses, as well as TGA-DTG-DSC, was carried out in the experiment. SPC biomass had a high hemicellulose content (50.8 ± 0.11%), which is suited for bio-oil applications. An initial non-catalytic pyrolysis experiment was conducted at 550 °C with a heating rate of 25 °C/min for 30 min; the bio-oil yields were 34% (SPC), 29% (CPC), and 26% (CS), respectively. During the catalytic pyrolysis, TiO₂ showed its strongest catalytic activity, primarily combined with SPC biomass. Under optimized conditions 550 °C, 25 °C/min heating rate, and a 30-minute reaction time SPC with TiO₂ yielded a maximum bio-oil output of 71.75 ± 0.16%. In contrast, under the same conditions without a catalyst, SPC produced 34 ± 0.16% bio-oil, indicating a significant 37.5% improvement with the addition of TiO₂. Among the three biomasses, SPC showed the greatest responsiveness to catalytic enhancement, while CPC offered a better balance between oil quality and char usability. The GC-MS analysis of TiO₂-catalyzed SPC bio-oil confirmed TiO₂'s selective catalytic influence on bio-oil compound distribution by revealing a predominance of phenolic compounds, such as Guaiacol (19.8%), 2,4-Dimethoxyphenol (31.12%), and hydroxy ketones such as -Hydroxy-2-butanone (29.49%) and 1-Hydroxypropan-2-one (26.36%), confirming the superior Lewis acid catalytic mechanism of TiO₂ for the production of phenolic compounds and ketone - rich bio-oil from lignocellulosic agro-industrial wastes.
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