GuidelinePain medicine (Malden, Mass.)2026
American Academy of Pain Medicine consensus guidelines on neuromodulation technologies and neurocomputer interfaces for pain management and functional recovery.
Guideline in Pain medicine (Malden, Mass.), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Authors and funding
13 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo provide an evidence-based framework for healthcare professionals to use neuromodulation technologies to restore neuromuscular function and relieve pain.
methodsAn expert panel, convened by the American Academy of Pain Medicine Foundation, conducted a literature review of English-language studies published between 2015 and 2025 using PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and Scopus (detailed in Supplementary Material S2). The panel screened abstracts, extracted key data, and evaluated evidence quality using a modified United States Preventive Services Task Force criteria. A Delphi process was used to achieve expert consensus on clinical recommendations for various neuromodulation technologies: artificial intelligence-guided and robotic rehabilitation systems, virtual/augmented reality interfaces, brain-computer interfaces, electrical nerve stimulation (encompassing peripheral nerve stimulation transcutaneous electrical stimulation), vagus nerve stimulation, multifidus neurostimulation, surgery (eg, regenerative peripheral nerve interface), scrambler therapy, spinal cord stimulation for motor restoration, and transcranial magnetic stimulation.
resultsThe panel provided clinical recommendations and discussed mechanisms of action, evidence, and clinical considerations for each intervention. Evidence for these technologies is evolving, with some showing promising results in areas like improving upper limb function post-stroke, improving functional spine-related outcomes, and reducing chronic pain.
conclusionsNeuromodulation technologies offer a promising approach for neuromuscular restoration, focusing on interventions that promote functional recovery rather than solely providing symptomatic care. Areas for future research include more high-quality, large-scale studies with consistent outcome measures.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.