ArticleFrontiers in medicine2026
Health insurance and antibiotic prescription in pharyngitis: a cross-sectional study in Saudi Arabian primary healthcare centers.
Article in Frontiers in medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Inappropriate antibiotic prescribing for acute pharyngitis remains a key driver of antibiotic resistance and a persistent public health challenge. This study examined antibiotic prescribing patterns and their association with demographic characteristics and health insurance factors among acute pharyngitis visits in Saudi Arabian governmental primary healthcare centers. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using anonymized electronic health records for 14,550 acute pharyngitis visits by Saudi nationals in 2023 within governmental primary healthcare centers. Descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and multivariate logistic regression were used to assess predictors of antibiotic prescription, including age, gender, insurance scheme, and private insurance company. Antibiotics were prescribed in 84.7% of visits, with amoxicillin (62%) and azithromycin (37%) accounting for the majority of prescriptions. Younger age, particularly children aged 0-7 years, was significantly associated with higher odds of receiving antibiotics, while gender was not a significant predictor. Similarly, to age, the patient's insurance scheme was a predictor of antibiotic prescription, with patients covered by governmental insurance being 28.6% more likely to receive antibiotics than those under private insurance. These findings indicate a high prevalence of antibiotic use for acute pharyngitis in primary care and suggest that prescribing practices are primarily influenced by patient age and insurance scheme, underscoring the need for strengthened antibiotic stewardship and improved adherence to clinical guidelines.
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