ReviewClinical neurophysiology practice2026
Temperature effects on TMS-Derived measures of cortical excitability: a systematic review and implications for a warming climate.
Review in Clinical neurophysiology practice, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To systematically review evidence on the effects of temperature manipulation on transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-derived measures of cortical excitability in healthy individuals and temperature-sensitive neurological conditions. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and MEDLINE through November-December 2025. Studies reporting quantitative TMS-EMG or TMS-EEG outcomes after experimentally induced, non-noxious temperature changes were included. Parallel searches examined healthy populations and six temperature-sensitive neurological conditions. Results: Twenty-one studies in healthy individuals ( Conclusions: Experimental TMS studies largely show null effects of temperature on cortical excitability in healthy individuals, contrasting with epidemiological evidence of temperature-related neurological vulnerability. This discrepancy likely reflects modest brain temperature changes, peripheral confounds, and limited ecological validity of current paradigms. Significance: There is a critical need for climate-relevant experimental designs incorporating sustained thermal exposure and direct cortical readouts (e.g., TMS-EEG) in temperature-sensitive populations to elucidate mechanisms of thermal vulnerability.
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