ArticleInternational journal of biological sciences2026
Unveiling Interleukin-40: A Novel Regulator of Macrophage and B Cell Function in Allergic Asthma.
Article in International journal of biological sciences, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Allergic asthma is characterized by chronic airway inflammation and heightened type 2 immune responses. Although inhaled corticosteroids are the mainstay of therapy, a subset of patients exhibits suboptimal responses, underscoring the need for new therapeutic targets. In this study, we investigated the role of novel B cell-related interleukin-40 (IL-40) in allergic asthma using patient samples and a house dust mite (HDM)-induced mouse model. Through transcriptomic and immunological profiling, our findings revealed that IL-40 expression was significantly upregulated in both patients with allergic asthma and murine model. Elevated IL-40 levels exacerbated airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), promoted inflammatory cell infiltration, and increased the production of type 2 cytokines, indicating a key role in amplifying allergic airway inflammation. Importantly, treatment with a neutralizing antibody against IL-40 or genetic deletion of IL-40 significantly alleviated airway inflammation, suggesting its therapeutic potential. Mechanistically, these pro-inflammatory effects of IL-40 were closely associated with alterations in macrophage polarization and B cell development. Macrophages exhibited the highest induction of IL-40 secretion following allergen exposure and responded most strongly to IL-40 stimulation. This response involved the activation of the JAK/STAT1 and p38-MAPK signaling pathways, driving their polarization toward a pro-inflammatory phenotype while inhibiting the differentiation of a specific Arg1
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