ArticleJournal of education and health promotion2026
Assessment of pain and post-injection induration in children: A comparative study of cold application, manual pressure, and shot blocker techniques.
Article in Journal of education and health promotion, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIntramuscular (IM) injections are widely used in pediatric care but often cause pain and distress. Effective management is essential to improve children's healthcare experiences. Non-pharmacological methods, including Cold Application, Manual Pressure, and Shot Blocker, have been proposed to reduce injection-related discomfort. This study compared these methods with the standard procedure regarding pain perception, swelling, redness, tenderness, and lump formation in children. MATERIALS AND
methodsA randomized controlled study was conducted in 2023 among 40 children aged 9-11 years from schools in Puducherry, selected through multistage cluster probability sampling. Participants were allocated into four groups: Cold Application, Manual Pressure, Shot Blocker, or Control (Standard Procedure). Pain was assessed using the Wong-Baker Faces Pain Scale (FACES). Pain Rating Scale (0-10), while swelling, redness, tenderness, and lump formation were evaluated with a validated observation checklist. Data were analyzed using Chi-square tests and one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) with post-hoc Tukey's test.
resultsSignificant differences emerged in pain and swelling between groups. Manual Pressure and Shot Blocker groups reported significantly less pain compared to the Control Group. Swelling was significantly lower in the Cold Application and Shot Blocker groups. No significant differences were found for redness or tenderness, and no lumps were observed.
conclusionCold Application, Manual Pressure, and Shot Blocker are effective, low-cost strategies for minimizing pain and swelling during pediatric IM injections. These findings suggest that healthcare providers, schools, and community health centers could integrate such techniques into routine practice. Future multicenter trials should explore long-term outcomes, including effects on repeated injection compliance and psychological well-being.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.