ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
Systems biology approach unveils the cellular and molecular mechanisms of formalin-inactivated whole cell vaccine-induced protective immunity against
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: The formalin-inactivated Methods: PIV and PIIV were generated from axenic (ACCM-D) cultures and administered to mice using single or multiple immunization regimens. Protective efficacy was evaluated following challenge with virulent Results: Regardless of single or multiple immunizations, PIV and PIIV generated from axenic (ACCM-D) cultures retained their differential protective efficacies, with PIV providing robust protection but PIIV did not. PIV elicited earlier phase I-specific IgM responses and sustained higher IgG responses compared to PIIV, indicating differences in immunogenicity. Cellular and transcriptomic analyses revealed that PIV induced a prolonged neutrophil response in the spleen, accompanied by upregulation of genes involved in neutrophil degranulation, metal sequestration, and TLR-dependent innate immune pathways. In contrast, the neutrophil response induced by PIIV was transient and did not persist into later stages of vaccination. Depletion of neutrophils in PIV-vaccinated mice prior to challenge significantly reduced the protective efficacy of PIV. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that PIV-induced protection against
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