ArticleFrontiers in sociology2026
Do traditional masculine norms predict emotion regulation? A cross-cultural quantitative study of urban Indian men.
Article in Frontiers in sociology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Western studies on psychology and emotion have elucidated that higher practice of traditional masculine norms (TMN) is linked to limited ways of handling emotions, especially holding back feelings among men. However, the research gap indicates that there is insufficient empirical research conducted on cultural and population-based factors related to this issue. Methodology: The study utilized a quantitative, cross-sectional correlational design. Snowball sampling was employed for data collection through an online survey of 151 urban, educated men age 18-39 years ( Results: Factor analysis validated a two-factor TMN structure (Rigid Masculine Role and Homophobia/Transphobia) with excellent fit (CFI = 0.991, RMSEA = 0.041). The key finding contradicts existing theories that suggest a close relationship between gender ideologies and emotion expression, as TMN and emotional regulation strategies (CR/ES) operate independently, rejecting H2. Demographic variables did not predict emotion regulation (H3a rejected), but religious affiliation significantly predicted lower TMN conformity, partially supporting H3b. A majority of respondents (65.6%) exhibited a shift in gender attitudes, characterized by low TMN attitudes. Discussion: The null findings contradict the universal applicability of the Gender Role Strain Paradigm, suggesting that in this urban Indian context, masculine ideology and emotion regulation functions independently. Emotion regulation strategies may function as context-specific "emotion work" governed by situational feeling rules rather than as an expression of global masculine identity.
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