Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42325575›Full record

ArticleiScience2026

Freedom of choice supports social complexity in chimpanzees.

Andrew Halloran, Jake A Funkhouser, Sarah Poirier, Darby Proctor, Caroline Griffis, Skye Conners, Ashley Cooley, David Morgan, Crickette Sanz

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in iScience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Andrew HalloranElgin Center, Vero Beach, FL 32967, USA.
Jake A FunkhouserDepartment of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63133, USA.
Sarah PoirierSave the Chimps, Ft. Pierce, FL 34979, USA.
Darby ProctorSchool of Psychology, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL 32901, USA.
Caroline GriffisSave the Chimps, Ft. Pierce, FL 34979, USA.
Skye ConnersSave the Chimps, Ft. Pierce, FL 34979, USA.
Ashley CooleySave the Chimps, Ft. Pierce, FL 34979, USA.
David MorganLester E. Fisher Center for the Study and Conservation of Apes, Lincoln Park Zoo, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
Crickette SanzDepartment of Anthropology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63133, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Fission-fusion sociality offers almost infinite options for individuals to make self-determined choices about how to range across space, spend time in different activities, and associate with conspecifics. Yet, how such freedoms contribute to the construction of functional social groups has received little attention. In this investigation, we found that sanctuary-living chimpanzees residing within spacious outdoor habitats with choice among a variety of social partners formed integrated communities that showed emergent properties of the fission-fusion social systems. Social network topology varied across communities, indicating species-typical intraspecific variation in social complexity. This variation was positively associated with indicators of behavioral diversity and wellbeing. Our results offer newfound understanding of the factors that facilitate fission-fusion societies, which, in turn, foster agency, social belonging, and culture that enable apes to thrive.

Indexed as

Evolutionary biologyWildlife behaviorZoology

Identifiers

PMID42325575
PMCPMC13276452

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.