ArticleScientific reports2026
Phenothiazine dye-loaded chitosan cryogels as multifunctional antibacterial wound dressings.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Cryogels, owing to their low density, high porosity, lightweight structure, and interconnected three-dimensional network, have gained significant attention for biomedical applications. In the present study, a chalcone-based phenothiazine dye derivative (PTZ-chalcone) was successfully synthesized via direct condensation of 2-acetyl-5-bromothiophene with phenothiazine carboxaldehyde derivatives (Ib) using the Kröhnke method in methanolic KOH. The chemical structure of the synthesized compound was confirmed by spectral analysis. The PTZ-chalcone derivative was subsequently incorporated into chitosan (CS) cryogel matrix to fabricate sponge-like biomaterials. The resulting PTZ-chalcone-loaded CS cryogels were systematically characterized and evaluated, with particular emphasis on their antibacterial properties and their potential use as a wound dressing matrix. Likewise, the PTZ-chalcone-loaded CS cryogels displayed strong antibacterial action. In particular, the bactericidal effects of cryogels (CSC2 and CSC3) were demonstrated against Escherichia coli (33.5 ± 0.1 mm), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (32.4 ± 0.28 mm), Acinetobacter baumannii (31.2 ± 0.41 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (29.2 ± 0.28 mm), Streptococcus pyogenes (28.7 ± 0.35 mm), and Enterococcus faecalis (27.5 ± 0.81 mm). The strong antibacterial activity of the PTZ-chalcone compound was validated by bacterial growth curves and protein leakage assays, demonstrating its ability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes. In the Microtox
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