ArticleScientific reports2026
Toxic effects of Annona squamosa seed extracts against Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) and their enzymatic response.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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8 authors.
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Abstract
Tomato leaf miner, Tuta absoluta, is a major pest responsible for significant yield losses in tomato cultivation worldwide. Increasing resistance to chemical insecticides and growing environmental concerns have underscored the need for eco-friendly pest management alternatives aligned with sustainable development Goals (SDGs) such as zero hunger and responsible consumption and production. This study evaluated the insecticidal potential of Annona squamosa seed extracts prepared using five different solvents: acetone, ethyl acetate, ethanol, methanol, and hexane. Their toxicity was tested against T. absoluta eggs and larvae. Bioassays revealed that the hexane extract, at the highest concentration (250 ppm), completely suppressed egg hatchability (0%) up to 120 h. The same concentration exhibited larvicidal activity, causing 46.66% at 24 h and 73.33% mortality at 48 h post-treatment. The lowest LC₅₀ and LC₉₀ values were observed in the hexane extract: 155.04 and 344.06 ppm at 24 h, and 85.49 and 169.43 ppm at 48 h, respectively. Enzymatic assays indicated a decrease in catalase (CAT) activity and an increase in glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in T. absoluta larvae 24 h after treatment with the hexane extract. A non-target assay on Eudrilus eugeniae showed 5.33% minimal mortality at the highest concentration, compared to 96.66% mortality in Imidacloprid treatment and 0% in control. GC-MS analysis identified two major compounds, E-11-hexadecenoic acid ethyl ester (25.18%) and 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride (Z, Z) (15.23%), which may be involved in the insecticidal activity. Molecular docking studies demonstrated strong binding affinities of E-11-hexadecenoic acid ethyl ester and 9,12-octadecadienoyl chloride (Z, Z) with the target insect enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), suggesting their potential mode of action. These findings indicate that the hexane extract of A. squamosa seeds contains promising bioactive molecules with significant insecticidal potential. This research highlights the potential of plant-derived insecticides for environmentally safe and sustainable management of T. absoluta, reducing dependence on synthetic chemicals and promoting sustainable tomato production, good health and well-being and responsible consumption and production.
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