ArticleACR open rheumatology2026
Italian Olfactory Identification Test in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: Association of Olfactory Impairment With Chronic Damage and Anti-β
Article in ACR open rheumatology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveOlfactory dysfunction is a relatively frequent manifestation in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The Italian Olfactory Identification Test (IOIT) may represent a suitable tool for detecting olfactory impairment in patients with SLE, due to its reliability and easiness of administration. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of smell impairment in patients with SLE and its correlation with clinical and serologic features.
methodsConsecutive patients with SLE and healthy controls were enrolled. Clinical history, disease indices, and main laboratory parameters were collected. Olfactory function was assessed using the IOIT, testing 33 cards with different microencapsulated odorants.
resultsThe cohort included 100 subjects: 50 patients with SLE (mean age ± SD: 51.3 ± 14.2; disease duration ± SD: 20.9 ± 13.2; female-to-male ratio: 5:1) and 50 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. Hyposmia was observed in 30% of patients with SLE and 4% of healthy subjects. IOIT scores correlated significantly with cumulative organ damage measured by Systemic Lupus International Collaborating Clinics/American College of Rheumatology Damage Index (P = 0.017, r = 0.336). Hyposmia was associated with anti-β
conclusionThe IOIT appears to be a suitable tool for evaluating olfactory dysfunction in SLE. The significant association between hyposmia and cumulative damage suggests that olfactory impairment may represent a clinical marker of long-term organ damage. The association between hyposmia and the use of antidepressant therapy confirms the close relationship between the sense of smell and mood regulation. Furthermore, the association with anti-β
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