Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42322358›Full record

ArticleArchives of virology2026

Molecular characterization and whole-genome sequencing-based genetic evolution of coxsackievirus A16 in Taiyuan City, 2023-2025.

Yanqin Wang, Jihong Xu, Lifeng Zhao, Yunyun Li, Yang Xu, Ruihong Gao, Xiaofang Guo, Min Niu, Zhihong Zuo, Teng An and 1 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Archives of virology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

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PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Yanqin WangDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China.
Jihong XuDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China.
Lifeng ZhaoDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China.
Yunyun LiDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China.
Yang XuDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China.
Ruihong GaoDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China.
Xiaofang GuoDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China.
Min NiuDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China.
Zhihong ZuoDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China.
Teng AnDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China.
Jitao WangDepartment of Microbiology Test, Taiyuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 22 Huazhang West Street, Taiyuan, 030032, Shanxi Province, China. wangjitao99@126.com.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) is a major causative agent of hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) in China. Based on 35 CVA16-positive strains isolated in Taiyuan (2023-2025), we characterized the post-pandemic evolutionary dynamics. Genomic analysis revealed the highest conservation in VP4 and the lowest in the 3' UTR. Temporally, a shift from B1a/B1b co-circulation to a three-lineage pattern (including a novel B1c subgenotype) was observed. Intertypic recombination was the primary driver, specifically targeting the 5'UTR and VP1/2A junction (B1a with EV71; B1b with CVA4; B1c with both). Crucially, the core P1 capsid region remained intact and recombination-free, preserving major antigenic determinants. Complementing this, positive selection acted on four internal structural residues (VP1‑T97I, VP2‑D139T, VP3‑I2V, VP3‑M126T), stability predictions indicated these substitutions moderately reduced capsid stability, suggesting adaptive tuning of assembly kinetics rather than antigenic drift. Three B1b-specific markers including L23M, I235V and T240A in VP1 further supported temporal adaptation, with no significant geographic divergence between northern and southern strains during overlapping time periods. This study clarifies that CVA16 evolution is driven by non-coding recombination and subtle structural refinement, providing molecular evidence for the sustained antigenic relevance of current vaccine candidates.

Indexed as

Evolution, MolecularGenome, ViralHand, Foot and Mouth DiseaseCapsid ProteinsChinaHumansPhylogenyRecombination, GeneticRNA, ViralWhole Genome SequencingCapsid ProteinsRNA, Viral

Identifiers

PMID42322358

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.