ArticleBMC nursing2026
Preliminary evaluation of the impact of a simulation-based training program on needlestick injuries among nursing students: a quasi-experimental study guided by the Kirkpatrick model.
Article in BMC nursing, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundNeedlestick injuries (NSIs) pose a significant occupational threat to nursing students. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of a simulation-based training (SBT) program for NSI prevention among nursing students using the Kirkpatrick model.
methodsA quasi-experimental, one-group pre-test/post-test study was conducted with 206 nursing students from a government college in Eastern India. The participants underwent a two-day blended SBT program that incorporated didactic sessions and scenario-based simulations with debriefing using Rapid Cycle Deliberate Practice. Outcomes were evaluated across four Kirkpatrick levels: reaction (satisfaction), learning (knowledge and self-reported practices), behavior (observed practices), and results (NSI incidence). Data were collected at baseline, immediately post-intervention, and at one- and three-month follow-ups.
resultsThe mean satisfaction score was high (17.6 ± 2.8/20). Knowledge scores significantly improved from 13.6 ± 3.4 to 16.0 ± 2.9 (mean difference: 2.4; 95% CI: 1.90-2.90; p < 0.001; d = 0.78). Self-reported practice scores showed a large increase from 13.3 ± 1.7 to 17.3 ± 3.0 (mean difference: 4.0; 95% CI: 3.54-4.46; p < 0.001; d = 1.20). The observed behavior scores at three months were 16.1 ± 2.0 (n = 108). The number of reported NSI exposures fell from 48 (23.3%) in the year before training to 6 (2.9%) in the three months after training (an 87.5% relative reduction). Given the unequal recall periods (12 months vs. three months), this reduction should be considered exploratory. Attitude scores also showed significant and sustained improvements from baseline to three months (p < 0.01).
conclusionsThe SBT program was associated with improvements in knowledge, self-reported practices, attitudes, and observed behaviors; it was well accepted and accompanied by a reduction in reported NSIs. However, the lack of a control group and the single-center design limit causal inference. Incorporating SBT into nursing education appears promising for enhancing occupational safety; however, multicenter controlled trials are needed to establish causal evidence.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.