ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026
Uncovering COVID-19 vaccine acceptance and intent in 15 developing countries: a multi-level, clustered analysis of six months of repeated, cross-sectional data.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundCOVID-19 vaccination hesitancy is antithetical to preventing communicable disease. The study's aim was to determine social ecological factors associated with vaccination acceptance / intent in select developing countries.
methodsTo examine vaccine acceptance / intent in fifteen developing countries, data was sourced from the Global COVID-19 Trends and Impacts Survey and analyzed with a multi-level, clustered, cross-sectional design. Weighted Generalized Additive Modeling (GAM) with 1,000 stratified cluster bootstraps mitigated intra-cluster correlation and temporal dependencies.
resultsStatistically significant linear variables included those age 55 + (OR = 1.204, 95% CI [1.095, 1.324], p < 0.001) and identification as female (OR = 1.538, 95% CI [1.448, 1.630], p < 0.001), which were responsible for increased odds of vaccine acceptance / intent. Percent Fear of Vaccine Side Effects (EDF = 2.50, p < 0.001) demonstrated a nonlinear decline in vaccine acceptance / intent. Time (Month) (EDF = 1.94, p < 0.001) was associated with a concave parabolic trend. Cultural Principal Components (PCs) 1-3, respectively, (EDF = 3.97, p < 0.001). EDF = 4.87, p < 0.001), and (EDF = 4.95, p < 0.001) demonstrated oscillating patterns of vaccine acceptance / intent depending upon cultural score direction and magnitude. All PCs demonstrated lower levels of vaccination acceptance / intent with no definitive cultural leaning. There was, however, a push-pull effect among all three dimensions, demonstrating PCs either drove or suppressed vaccination acceptance / intent.
conclusionsVaccine decision-making complexities are associated with cultural and individual influences. Such findings could inform future vaccine campaign strategies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.