Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42321614›Full record

ArticleBMC geriatrics2026

Physical frailty, depression and multimorbidity among older adults in Lima, Peru: a cross-sectional study.

Oscar Flores-Flores, Alejandro Zevallos-Morales, Suzanne L Pollard, Trishul Siddharthan, Alden L Gross, José F Parodi, Joseph J Gallo, John R Hurst, William Checkley

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In one paragraph

Article in BMC geriatrics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Oscar Flores-FloresCentro de Investigación del Envejecimiento (CIEN), Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Alameda del Corregidor 1531, la Molina, Lima, 15024, Peru. ofloresf@usmp.pe.ORCID 0000-0002-9780-937X
Alejandro Zevallos-MoralesCentro de Investigación del Envejecimiento (CIEN), Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Alameda del Corregidor 1531, la Molina, Lima, 15024, Peru.
Suzanne L PollardCenter for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Trishul SiddharthanDivision of Pulmonary and Critical Care, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
Alden L GrossDepartment of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
José F ParodiCentro de Investigación del Envejecimiento (CIEN), Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad de San Martin de Porres, Alameda del Corregidor 1531, la Molina, Lima, 15024, Peru.
Joseph J GalloDepartment of Mental Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.
John R HurstUCL Respiratory, University College London, London, UK.
William CheckleyCenter for Global Non-Communicable Disease Research and Training, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Funding

A community intervention to promote evidence-based mental health care for olderadults with depressive and anxiety symptoms.K43TW011586 · FIC · UNIVERSIDAD DE SAN MARTIN DE PORRES · PI FLORES-FLORES, OSCAR GUILLERMO · 2021 to 2025
$544k
FIC NIH HHS K43 TW011586FIC NIH HHS K43TW011586Medical Research Council MR/P008984/1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMultimorbidity, frailty, and depression frequently co-occur in older adults and contribute to adverse health outcomes. This study identified classes of physical multimorbidity and examined their association with depression, and whether this association differs by frailty status.

methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional study in low-resource urban areas of Lima, Peru. We included adults aged ≥ 60 years, and assessed the presence of physical multimorbidity (COPD, asthma, chronic bronchitis, heart disease, diabetes, arthritis, and hypertension), physical frailty phenotype, and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9 score ≥ 7). We applied latent class analysis to categorize participants into physical multimorbidity classes. Subsequently, we conducted Poisson regression with robust variance to assess the relationship between somatic multimorbidity classes and depression. We studied the role of frailty by stratifying the analysis according to the presence or absence of frailty.

resultsAmong 1029 participants (mean age 68.9 years; 44.6% women), 201 (19.5%) had depression. Three multimorbidity classes were identified: cardiometabolic, multisystem, and apparently healthy. Only the multisystem class was associated with a higher prevalence of depressive symptoms compared to the apparently healthy class, after adjusting for sex, age, education, and socio-economic position (adjusted Prevalence Ratio, aPR = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.02-3.06). Among individuals with frailty, depression was more prevalent in the multisystem class (aPR 6.25, 95% CI 1.28-30.63), whereas no significant association was observed among non-frail participants (aPR 1.58, 95% CI 0.83-3.00).

conclusionsThe association between multisystem multimorbidity and depressive symptoms was stronger among individuals with frailty. Considering frailty alongside multimorbidity may improve identification of subgroups with greater depressive burden, particularly in resource-constrained settings.

Indexed as

DepressionFrail ElderlyFrailtyMultimorbidityAgedAged, 80 and overCross-Sectional StudiesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedPeruDepressionMultimorbidityOlder AdultsPhysical Frailty

Identifiers

PMID42321614
PMCPMC13536796

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.