ArticleCell reports2026
Cunninghamia lanceolata genome illuminates the evolutionary dynamics of gymnosperms.
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65 authors.
Si-Zu LinChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Yu ChenChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Chao WuChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Wei-Hong SunCollege of Biology and Agriculture, Zunyi Normal University, Zunyi 563006, China.
Zhen LiDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
Heng-Chi ChenDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium.
Jie-Yu WangChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Chang-Mian JiTechnical Department, Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China.
Shu-Bin LiChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Adversity Physiological Ecology and Molecular Biology, The Education Department of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Zhi-Wen WangPubBio-Tech, Wuhan 430070, China.
Wen-Chieh TsaiChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Xiang-Qing MaChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Si-Ren LanChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Fei-Ping ZhangChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Ya-Cong XieChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Lei YaoChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Yan ZhangChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Meng-Meng LüChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Jia-Jun ZhangChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Di-Yang ZhangChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Yi-Quan YeChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Adversity Physiological Ecology and Molecular Biology, The Education Department of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Xia YuChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Shan-Shan XuChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Adversity Physiological Ecology and Molecular Biology, The Education Department of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Zhi-Hui MaChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Adversity Physiological Ecology and Molecular Biology, The Education Department of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Guo-Chang DingChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Adversity Physiological Ecology and Molecular Biology, The Education Department of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Guang-Qiu CaoChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Adversity Physiological Ecology and Molecular Biology, The Education Department of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Zong-Ming HeChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Key Laboratory for Forest Adversity Physiological Ecology and Molecular Biology, The Education Department of Fujian Province, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Peng-Fei WuChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Kai-Min LinChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Ai-Qin LiuChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Yan-Qing LinChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Shao-Ning RuanChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Bao LiuChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Shi-Jiang CaoChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Li-Li ZhouChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Ming LiChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Peng ShuaiChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Xiao-Long HouChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Yi-Han WuChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Nuo LiChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Sheng XiongChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Yang HaoChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Zhuang ZhouChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Xue-Die LiuChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Dan-Dan ZuoChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Jia LiChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Pei WangChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Jian ZhangChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Ding-Kun LiuChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Gui-Zhen ChenChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Jie HuangChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Ming-Zhong HuangChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Yuan-Yuan LiChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Qin-Yao ZhengChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Xue-Wei ZhaoChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
Xiang ZhaoPubBio-Tech, Wuhan 430070, China.
Wen-Ying ZhongPubBio-Tech, Wuhan 430070, China.
Xue-Wen ZhangTechnical Department, Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China.
Zheng-Bao XiaTechnical Department, Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China.
Ying YuTechnical Department, Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China.
Zhi-Wei LiuTechnical Department, Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China.
Hong-Kun ZhengTechnical Department, Biomarker Technologies Corporation, Beijing 101300, China. Electronic address: zhenghk@biomarker.com.cn.
Ray MingFujian Agriculture and Forestry University and University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign-School of Integrative Biology Joint Center for Genomics and Biotechnology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, China. Electronic address: rayming@illinois.edu.
Yves Van de PeerDepartment of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; VIB Center for Plant Systems Biology, VIB, 9052 Ghent, Belgium; Centre for Microbial Ecology and Genomics, Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; College of Horticulture, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China. Electronic address: yves.vandepeer@psb.vib-ugent.be.
Zhong-Jian LiuChinese Fir Engineering Technology Research Center of the State Forestry and Grassland Administration at College of Forestry, and Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Orchid Conservation and Utilization at College of Landscape Architecture and Art, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Guangzhou Institute of Forestry and Landscape Architecture, Guangzhou 510405, China. Electronic address: zjliu@fafu.edu.cn.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cupressaceae , a gymnosperm family, draws attention due to its controversial phylogenetic position. Here, we present a comprehensive genome analysis of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata), a Cupressaceae species, to enhance our understanding of gymnosperm evolution. The 11.24 Gb assembled genome, shaped by inefficient long terminal repeat removal, offers insights into its phylogenetic position. Phylogenetic analysis refines gymnosperm relationships between Cycads-Ginkgo and their relation to Gnetales-Pinaceae. Whole-genome duplication (WGD) analysis reveals no evidence for an ancient polyploidization event in the lineage of C. lanceolata, and confirms a seed-plant-shared WGD event. We also explore genomic evidence to explain the population history and adaptability of C. lanceolata, including potential glacial refugia, dispersal centers, and unique sterility. Furthermore, the refined (A)B(C) model for reproductive organ development in C. lanceolata has broader applications across gymnosperms. This study provides a valuable genome sequence and contributes to the understanding of gymnosperm evolution.
Indexed as
CunninghamiaCycadopsidaEvolution, MolecularGenome, PlantPhylogenyconiferCP: genomicsCP: plant biologyCunninghamia lanceolatagenome evolutiongymnospermswhole-genome duplication
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