ArticleOncoimmunology2026
Tumor-educated macrophages promote cytokine-driven lung colonization in triple-negative breast cancer.
Article in Oncoimmunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) remains one of the most lethal breast cancer subtypes, driven by early dissemination and resistance to therapy. Here, we reveal a macrophage-centered cytokine circuit that fuels TNBC metastasis and immune evasion. Tumor cells reprogram naïve macrophages into tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) that secrete CCL3, CCL4, CXCL2, and IL-1β, collectively promoting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, migration, transendothelial invasion, and lung colonization. These TAMs, in turn, convert naïve CD4⁺ T cells into FOXP3⁺ Tregs, establishing a self-reinforcing immunosuppressive niche. Pharmacological inhibition of CCR5, CXCR2, and IL1R1 with maraviroc, navarixin, and anakinra, respectively, disrupted this cytokine axis, suppressing metastatic colonization
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