ArticleFrontiers in oncology2026
Predicting survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma via integrated analysis of tumor budding and tertiary lymphoid structures.
Article in Frontiers in oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) poses a significant health burden. Accumulating evidence indicates that tumor budding (TB) and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are both associated with the survival prognosis of OSCC patients; however, the prognostic value of integrated TB and TLS has not been investigated. The objective of this study was to validate the prognostic value of TB and TLS in OSCC, establish a TB-TLS interaction model to assess the "invasion-immune" status in OSCC tumor microenvironment. Patients and methods: A total of 510 patients diagnosed with OSCC were included in this retrospective study. TB and TLS were assessed via hematoxylin and eosin staining, and a TB/TLS index was established. Survival analysis and Cox regression were performed using R software, and a nomogram prediction model incorporating the TB/TLS index with clinicopathological factors was constructed and validated. Results: High-grade TB correlated with poor survival, while high-maturation TLS indicated favorable outcomes. The TB/TLS index exhibited superior prognostic discriminatory ability versus single biomarkers. Furthermore, a nomogram incorporating the TB/TLS index was developed and validated, demonstrating reliable predictive performance and good calibration. Conclusions: This retrospective study validated the prognostic value of TB and TLS in OSCC. The TB/TLS index showed better discriminative ability. External validation demonstrated that the nomogram prediction model achieved moderate predictive performance despite substantial baseline differences between cohorts.
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