ArticleFrontiers in endocrinology2026
Body composition-derived principal components partially explain sex and age effects on bone mineral density in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Article in Frontiers in endocrinology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: Patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) often exhibit high fracture risk. While body composition critically influences bone mineral density (BMD), the specific independent roles of its interrelated components (muscle vs. fat) remain poorly characterized in T2DM. This study aimed to disentangle these correlated phenotypes and quantify their distinct associations with BMD. Methods: In this cross-sectional study at the Second Hospital of Jilin University, 424 adults with T2DM were assessed. BMD was measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA). PCA was applied to derive integrated phenotypes. Multivariable linear regression and mediation analysis assessed their associations with site-specific BMD and quantified the extent to which they statistically account for age/sex effects. A nomogram was developed and internally validated. Results: The cohort (mean age 58.09 years, 51.4% male, 16.0% osteoporosis prevalence) exhibited significant sex-related differences. PCA mainly identified a "muscle-metabolic" component (PC1) and a "fat-obesity" component (PC2). PC1 was consistently associated with higher BMD at all sites, while PC2 showed a positive association only with total hip BMD, and this association was observed specifically in middle-aged women. PC1 statistically accounted for 30.2-54.5% of the sex effect and 16.7-22.4% of the age effect on BMD. The nomogram (incorporating PC1, PC2, age, sex, and smoking status) demonstrated excellent discrimination (bootstrap-corrected C-index=0.854). Conclusions: Integrated body composition phenotypes are strongly associated with BMD and statistically explain key demographic effects in T2DM. The developed model provides a cross-sectional tool for identifying current osteoporosis status.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.