ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Associations of dual use and conventional cigarette smoking with metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: a population-based study.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Despite the recent increase in the number of e-cigarette users, the association between smoking patterns involving e-cigarette use, particularly dual use with conventional cigarettes, and metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains poorly explored. This study examined the association of dual use and cigarette-only smoking with MetS relative to non-smoking. Methods: This study involved 4,942 adults aged ≥19 years from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2023). Participants were classified into non-smokers ( Results: The odds of MetS were significantly higher in dual users (OR = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.02-2.19, Conclusion: Both dual users and cigarette-only smokers showed higher odds of MetS compared with non-smokers. Hypertriglyceridemia was associated with both smoking groups, whereas low HDL cholesterol was associated only with cigarette-only smokers. Public health strategies should continue to support smoking cessation and improve awareness regarding the potential metabolic risks associated with smoking behaviors.
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