ArticleFrontiers in epidemiology2026
In-hospital cardiovascular outcomes of COVID-19-associated cytokine storm: a population-level study.
Article in Frontiers in epidemiology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: In severe COVID-19, hyperinflammatory "Cytokine Storm" (CS) can escalate disease severity, yet large-scale data on its cardiovascular impacts remain limited. Objective: To assess the influence of CS severity on in-hospital cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in COVID-19 patients. Methods: A retrospective analysis of the 2021 National Inpatient Sample (NIS) was performed, including adults (≥18 years) hospitalized with a principal COVID-19 diagnosis (ICD-10: U07.1), while excluding other hyperinflammatory conditions. CS was identified and categorized into four severity grades (ICD-10: D89.83). Multivariable logistic regression was utilized to assess associations between CS severity and in-hospital outcomes. Results: In a weighted cohort of 1,428,892 hospitalized adults with COVID-19, 15,290 (1.1%) had CS. Mortality rose from 8.3% in non-CS patients to 26.9% in grade 4 (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 3.334; 95% CI [2.810-3.956]), accompanied by increases in cardiac arrest (1.7%-4.4%; aOR 1.742; [1.234-2.459]) and venous thromboembolism (4.8%-9.4%; aOR 1.739; [1.369-2.210]) ( Conclusion: Within this cohort, advanced CS demonstrated an association with increased mortality and select cardiovascular complications in hospitalized COVID-19 patients; Moreover, certain events, such as arrhythmias and heart failure, showed nuanced patterns, underscoring the complex interplay between hyperinflammation and cardiac pathophysiology.
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