ArticleFrontiers in immunology2026
A C57BL/6N mice model of CP/CPPS established by prostate antigen immunization with DPT and BCG co-administration.
Article in Frontiers in immunology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background and objective: Chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) is common in young and middle-aged men, but existing animal models have key limitations. We aimed to establish a C57BL/6N mice model for mechanistic studies of CP/CPPS. Methods: We immunized C57BL/6N mice with prostate antigen plus complete Freund's adjuvant and added DPT, BCG, or DPT+BCG according to group assignment. Von Frey testing, ELISA, flow cytometry, HE staining, and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess pain, cytokines, immune cells, and prostate pathology. Key findings and limitations: PAg+CFA+DPT+BCG booster immunization induced the strongest pain-related phenotype, increased IL-1β and TNF-α levels, reduced IL-10, aggravated prostatic inflammation, and increased NLRP3, COX-2, NF-κB, and Caspase-1 expression compared with the NC group. Compared with either monotherapy, the PAg+CFA+DPT+BCG group showed stronger inflammatory and pain-related phenotypes across most readouts. Limitation: The model does not fully replicate human CP/CPPS heterogeneity. Conclusions and clinical implications: We established a C57BL/6N mice model with CP/CPPS-like inflammatory and pain-related features and found that DPT+BCG co-administration produced the strongest phenotype. Its compatibility with transgenic mice may facilitate mechanistic studies and preclinical hypothesis testing in CP/CPPS. Patient summary: In this study, we established a prostatitis-like model in C57BL/6N mice. Booster immunization with DPT+BCG induced inflammatory and pain-related changes, providing a useful model for future mechanistic studies.
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