ArticleVeterinary surgery : VS2026
The role of muscle forces on rotational and cranio-caudal stability in the intact and CCL-deficient stifle: An ex vivo biomechanical study.
Article in Veterinary surgery : VS, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo investigate the effects of muscle activation on internal tibial rotation and cranio-caudal translation (CCT) in intact and cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) deficient stifles. STUDY
designEx vivo biomechanical study. ANIMALS: Eight cadaveric, nonpaired canine stifles.
methodsStifles were tested intact and after arthroscopic CCL transection. Quadriceps, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius forces were simulated with pneumatic actuators in single or cocontraction muscle activation (0%-100% bodyweight [BW]). The tibia was mounted to a linear-torsional tester; the femur to a six-degrees-of freedom fixture. Internal tibial rotation (5 Nm torque) and CCT (30% BW cranial and caudal translation) were recorded via motion tracking system.
resultsWithout muscle activation, CCL transection increased internal tibial rotation (34.8 ± 11.8° CCL-deficient vs. 27.9 ± 10.8° intact; p = .041). Across 0%-100% BW activation, internal rotation decreased in both conditions, to 4.3 ± 2.3° (intact; p < .0001 vs. 0% BW) and 2.8 ± 1.3° (CCL-deficient; p = .001 vs. 0% BW) at 100% BW. At 100% BW, biceps femoris reduced internal rotation more than quadriceps and gastrocnemius in both CCL conditions. Muscle activation reduced CCT in CCL-deficient stifles; however, at 100% BW, CCT was 19.1 mm in CCL-deficient versus 2.8 mm in intact (+582%; p < .0001).
conclusionPeriarticular muscle activation mitigates axial plane rotational laxity but does not prevent CCT. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Targeted muscle strengthening may help manage rotational laxity; however, surgical stabilization remains necessary to address CCT after CCL rupture. Internal tibial rotation may require additional surgical stabilization in selected cases.
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