ArticleBMC oral health2026
Effectiveness of different intrusion protocols with clear aligner for maxillary anterior teeth in periodontitis: a finite element analysis.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Biomechanical analysis of maxillary incisor intrusion with clear aligners under different periodontal conditions: a finite element analysis.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2026Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundExtrusion of anterior teeth is a common manifestation of periodontitis. Orthodontic intrusion is an effective approach for improving occlusion and periodontal health. This study aimed to identify the optimal protocols for maxillary incisor intrusion using clear aligner (CA) in patients with periodontitis.
methodsA validated finite element model was established, including the CA, teeth, periodontal ligaments (PDLs), and alveolar bone with three levels of bone height (simulating mild to severe periodontitis). The intrusion angles were varied from 0° to 60° in 10° increments relative to each tooth's long axis. An intrusion of 0.1 mm was simulated for the maxillary incisors under each periodontal condition. Initial tooth movements and stress distributions of PDLs were evaluated.
resultsBoth central incisors and lateral incisors exhibited absolute intrusion under all conditions, and the amount of intrusion decreased with increasing intrusion angle. At an intrusion angle of 0°, central incisors initially exhibited relative extrusion and lingual tipping, gradually transitioning to relative intrusion and labial tipping as the angle increased. In contrast, lateral incisors consistently displayed relative intrusion with less lingual tipping and earlier tipping transitions. These transitions occurred at lower angles in mild periodontitis.
conclusionsCA designed to intrude maxillary incisors along the tooth's long axis may not achieve bodily intrusion in periodontitis. Angulated intrusion designs appear to improve control of labiolingual tipping compared with axial designs under the simulated conditions.
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