Observational studyBMC pregnancy and childbirth2026
Examining the joint contribution of maternal health, behavioral factors, psychosocial adversities, and environmental conditions during pregnancy for disparities in birth outcomes.
Observational study in BMC pregnancy and childbirth, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMany pre-pregnancy and gestational exposures, such as maternal physical health, behavioral factors, psychosocial adversities, and environmental conditions during pregnancy, influence birth outcomes. These risk factors can co-occur, particularly among populations that experience health disparities, yet much of past researchers tend to examine them in isolation, which may lead inadvertently to some underestimation or mis-specification of risk. Therefore, this study examined the joint contribution of several maternal physical health, behaviors, psychosocial adversities, and environmental conditions during pregnancy on birth outcomes, and whether disparities were evident according to infant sex, maternal race/ethnicity, and education attainment.
methodsParticipants were from the Albany Infant and Mother Study, a prospective observational cohort of socioeconomic and racial/ethnic diverse pregnant women and their infants (n = 291). Latent Class Analysis was employed to identify discrete groups with different levels and combinations of the following prenatal exposures: maternal health (pre-pregnancy body mass index, pregnancy conditions), behaviors (smoking, recreational drug use, western diet), psychosocial (depression, adverse childhood experiences, social support), and physical environment (lead exposure, indoor environmental contaminants). Linear regression analysis tested associations between exposure classes and birth outcomes.
resultsThree latent classes were identified: Class 1 (47.7%; low-risk in all domains), Class 2 (42.9%; high-risk across all domains), and Class 3 (9.4%; high-risk in behavioral and environmental domains, but lower health and psychosocial risks). Compared to the low-risk referent Class 1, Class 2 was associated with lower birth weight, length, head circumference, more restricted fetal growth, and earlier gestational age at delivery (all p < 0.05). Class 3 infants also had marginally lower birth weight and increased intrauterine growth restriction (all p < 0.10). Associations were strongest among male infants, and participants from racial/ethnic and lower education backgrounds.
conclusionsThis comprehensive examination of the combined effects of multiple exposures-encompassing physical health, behavioral, psychosocial and environmental domains- indicated that different patterns of multiple perinatal risks work in combination to influence birth outcomes and disparities at the earliest time in the life course. Research and practice focused on inequalities in maternal and perinatal health should consider the coordinated impacts of multiple risks simultaneously.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.