Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42316049›Full record

ArticleBMC infectious diseases2026

Prevalence of HIV and associated sociobehavioral factors among men with urethral discharge syndrome attending public health facilities in Kampala, Uganda.

Annet Aketoko Onzia, Vivian Nakate, Brenda M Dawa, Barbara Castelnuovo, Steven J Reynolds, Rosalind Parkes-Ratanshi, Tza-Huei Wang, Yukari C Manabe, Johan H Melendez, Matthew M Hamill

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Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Annet Aketoko OnziaInfectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 22418, Kampala, Uganda. aonzia@idi.co.ug.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6741-1512
Vivian NakateInfectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
Brenda M DawaInfectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
Barbara CastelnuovoInfectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
Steven J ReynoldsDivision of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bayview Medical Center, 5200 Eastern Avenue, MD, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Rosalind Parkes-RatanshiInfectious Disease Institute, Makerere University, P.O.BOX 22418, Kampala, Uganda.
Tza-Huei WangDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Yukari C ManabeDivision of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bayview Medical Center, 5200 Eastern Avenue, MD, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Johan H MelendezDivision of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bayview Medical Center, 5200 Eastern Avenue, MD, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
Matthew M HamillDivision of Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bayview Medical Center, 5200 Eastern Avenue, MD, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1277-819X

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

introductionEpidemiological data on HIV infection in male urethral discharge syndrome (UDS) in Africa are limited. We describe the prevalence of HIV and associated demographic and sociobehavioral factors among men with UDS in selected public clinics in Kampala, Uganda.

methodsWithin a cross-sectional study of men seeking care for UDS from October 2019 to July 2022, we performed interviewer-administered demographic and sociobehavioral questionnaires. Point-of-care (POC) rapid sequential algorithmic HIV testing was conducted. Bivariate and adjusted multivariable log-binomial regression analyses were performed to determine factors associated with HIV.

resultsOf 450 male participants, 441(98%) were included in this analysis; 9 declined HIV testing. Median (IQR) age was 24 (22-32) years, 87% (n = 384) reported a previous HIV test. Overall, 18.4% (n = 81) were people living with HIV (PLWHIV). Of these, 86.4% and 13.6% were aged ≥ 25 and < 25 years, respectively. Overall, 8.6% (n = 7) were newly diagnosed with HIV; of those, 42.9% (n = 3) were aged < 25 years. While 94% (70/74) with known HIV reported antiretroviral therapy (ART) use, 52.9% (n = 37) had suppressed viral loads by self-report. Five of the 441 participants (1.1%) reported 'always' condom use, 45.4% (n = 200) reported transactional sex, 59.6% (n = 263) ≥ 2 sexual partners in the past six months; 46.7% (n = 206) had notified their partners of UDS symptoms. Multivariable analysis demonstrated significant associations between HIV and older age ≥ 25 years (aPR,6.35; 95% C.I., 3.44-11.75; P < 0.001), and hazardous alcohol use (aPR,1.62; 95% C.I., 1.03-2.54; P = 0.038).

conclusionsAlmost one in five men presenting with UDS were PLWHIV, with just over half of those on ART reporting viral suppression. Older age and hazardous alcohol use were associated with HIV. Men with UDS represent a key population where HIV diagnosis, prevention, and ART adherence interventions may have a significant impact.

Indexed as

HIV InfectionsUrethritisAdultCross-Sectional StudiesHumansMalePrevalenceRisk FactorsSurveys and QuestionnairesUgandaYoung AdultHIVHIV prevalenceUgandaUrethral discharge syndromeYoung men

Identifiers

PMID42316049
PMCPMC13527917

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.