Cellulose nanofiber from sunflower heads and pomegranate peels as sustainable reinforcing agents in biopolymer-based films for active packaging of bread.

Attia A Yaseen, Ahmed M Youssef, Ragab Abouzeid, Fathy M Mehaya, Salah H Salem, Heba M Amer, Ayman A Mohammad

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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7 authors.

Attia A YaseenFood Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.

Ahmed M YoussefPackaging Materials Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt. amyoussef27@yahoo.com.

Ragab AbouzeidCellulose and Paper Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.

Fathy M MehayaFood Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.

Salah H SalemFood Toxicology and Contaminants Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.

Heba M AmerMedicinal and Aromatic Plants Research Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.

Ayman A MohammadFood Technology Department, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, 12622, Egypt.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Pomegranate peels and sunflower heads were used to prepare cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) via chemical and physical processes. The CNFs were characterized using FT-IR, TEM, and XRD, then incorporated into carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) with clove, cumin, or cinnamon essential oils to form bioactive edible coating films. TEM revealed homogeneous nanofibers (diameters 6-15 nm), while XRD showed crystallinity of 69% (sunflower) and 72.5% (pomegranate). Essential oils were evaluated for chemical properties and antimicrobial activities. GC-MS identified eugenol (85.65%) and cinnamaldehyde (84.51%) as major constituents of clove and cinnamon oils, respectively. Clove oil showed the highest total phenolics and antioxidant activity, whereas cinnamon oil exhibited the strongest antimicrobial activity. Mechanical optimization was performed using CMC films reinforced with sunflower-derived CNFs, the maximum increases in tensile strength (from 10.4 to 28.5 MPa) and Young's modulus (from 450 to 1603 MPa) at 10% CNFs loading, representing increases of 174% and 256%, respectively. Bread coated with films containing the cinnamon/cumin oil mixture had the lowest microbial counts after 72 h of open-air storage (bacteria: 9.4-9.5 × 10

Indexed as

BreadCelluloseFood PackagingHelianthusNanofibersPomegranateAnti-Infective AgentsAntioxidantsBiopolymersEdible FilmsOils, VolatileTensile StrengthAnti-Infective AgentsAntioxidantsBiopolymersCelluloseOils, VolatileAntimicrobial activityBioactive packagingCellulose nanofibersEssential oilsPan breadPomegranate peelsSunflower heads

Identifiers

PMID42315882

DOI10.1038/s41598-026-57588-x

PMCPMC13280226

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.