Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42314992›Full record

ArticleThe Journal of infection2026

Multi-strain Clostridioides difficile infection: Increased detection and clinical implications.

Mônica J Rodrigues-Jesus, Maria L G S Morais, Jae Hyun Shin, Guruprasad V Konduru, Katia Sol-Church, Pankaj Kumar, Deiziane V S Costa, Cirle A Warren

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The Journal of infection, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Mônica J Rodrigues-JesusDivision of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Maria L G S MoraisDivision of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Jae Hyun ShinInfectious Disease, Hoag Memorial Hospital Presbyterian, 1 Hoag Drive, Newport Beach, CA, USA.
Guruprasad V KonduruDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Katia Sol-ChurchDepartment of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Pankaj KumarDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Deiziane V S CostaDivision of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
Cirle A WarrenDivision of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA. Electronic address: ca6t@virginia.edu.

Funding

Alanyl-glutamine supplementation of standard treatment for C. difficile infectionR01AI145322 · NIAID · UNIVERSITY OF VIRGINIA · PI WARREN, CIRLE ALCANTARA · 2020 to 2024
$4.0M
NIAID NIH HHS R01 AI145322
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI) is an antibiotic-associated diarrheal disease. Mixed infection has been previously reported. However, its clinical implications are not well defined. In this study, we evaluated the presence of multi-strain (MS) isolates in fecal specimens from patients diagnosed with CDI at a tertiary hospital in Virginia. C. difficile colonies (three per sample) were obtained from fecal specimen cultures (N=174) from patients diagnosed with CDI from April 2021 to February 2022. The toxin gene profile of each isolate was determined by PCR using specific primers for triose phosphate isomerase (tpi), toxin A (tcdA), toxin B (tcdB), binary toxin A (cdtA), and binary toxin B (cdtB). A subset of fecal specimens (n=62) with Ct values ≤ 25 for tcdB underwent total bacterial isolation in TCCFA and were processed for whole-genome shotgun sequencing. Based on the toxin gene profile of each isolate, MS infection was identified in 32.8% (57/174) of patients. Among all the isolates (N=522), tcdA

Indexed as

Clostridioides difficileClostridium InfectionsCoinfectionAgedAged, 80 and overBacterial ProteinsBacterial ToxinsFecesFemaleHumansMaleMiddle AgedVirginiaWhole Genome SequencingBacterial ProteinsBacterial ToxinstoxB protein, Clostridium difficileClostridioides difficile infectionMulti-strainsNon-toxigenic strainsSeverity of disease

Identifiers

PMID42314992
PMCPMC13637717

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.