Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42314976›Full record

ArticleF&S science2026

Flowing differently: exploratory characterization of menstrual effluent compared with peripheral blood.

Rachel Michel, Ariadne Sinnis-Bourozikas, Valentina Vanos, Gregory W Kirschen, Laura A St Clair, Prasanthy Balasubramanian, John Skinner, Zachary Mulcare, Anna Yin, Andrew H Karaba and 9 more

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in F&S science, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Rachel MichelDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Ariadne Sinnis-BourozikasDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
Valentina VanosDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Gregory W KirschenDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Laura A St ClairW. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.
Prasanthy BalasubramanianDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
John SkinnerDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
Zachary MulcareDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
Anna YinDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Andrew H KarabaDepartment of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
Jaiprasath SachithanandhamDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Malini RamaiyerDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Cedars Sinai, Los Angeles, California.
Malak El SabehDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.
Jinxiao LiangDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Department of Surgery, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Fiza AliDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland; Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, D.C.
Andrew PekoszDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Sabra L KleinDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
Andrea L CoxDivision of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland.
Mostafa A BorahayDepartment of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland. Electronic address: drmbora@gmail.com.

Funding

Mechanisms of actions(s) of simvastatin in uterine leiomyomaR01HD094380 · NICHD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI BORAHAY, MOSTAFA A. · 2018 to 2022
$4.0M
Role of senescent cells in uterine fibroid pathogenesisR01HD111243 · NICHD · JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY · PI Mostafa A. Borahay, JENNIFER H ELISSEEFF · 2023 to 2026
$3.2M
NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD094380NICHD NIH HHS R01 HD111243
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo characterize the immune cell and hormonal profile of menstrual effluent compared with paired peripheral blood.

designThis descriptive, cross-sectional study collected menstrual effluent and processed it to isolate cellular and soluble fractions; peripheral blood was processed in parallel. Steroid hormones were quantified using immunoassays, immune cell populations were assessed by multiparameter flow cytometry, and cytokines and chemokines were measured using multiplex assays. SUBJECTS: Menstrual effluent and peripheral blood were collected from 13 healthy participants (excluding those using NSAIDs or hormonal contraception) after informed consent. EXPOSURE: None

main outcome measuresThe immune cell and hormonal profiles of menstrual effluent and peripheral blood were the main outcome measures.

resultsProgesterone and cortisol concentrations were significantly decreased in menstrual effluent compared with peripheral blood. Menstrual effluent exhibited distinct immune and cytokine profiles, including increased plasmacytoid and myeloid dendritic cells, neutrophils, natural killer (NK) cells, and memory CD8

conclusionsMenstrual effluent is immunologically and hormonally distinct from peripheral blood, which may reflect inflammatory and tissue-repair activity. These findings contribute to the understanding of the normative baseline for menstrual effluent.

Indexed as

MenstruationAdultCross-Sectional StudiesCytokinesFemaleFlow CytometryHumansHydrocortisoneProgesteroneYoung AdultCytokinesHydrocortisoneProgesteronecytokineshormonal profileImmune profilemenstrual effluentperipheral blood

Identifiers

PMID42314976
PMCPMC13511754

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.