The potential of eggshell membrane in bone regeneration: a scoping review of applications and advances.

Eggshell membrane (ESM) is a naturally derived biomaterial with potential applications in bone regeneration and guided bone regeneration (GBR) because of its extracellular matrix-like structure and bioactive composition. This scoping review aimed to map the current evidence regarding the use of ESM and its derivatives in bone regeneration and regenerative dentistry. This review followed the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. PubMed, EBSCOhost, and Web of Science were searched for English-language studies published between January 2019 and August 2025. Studies investigating ESM in in vitro, in vivo, or clinical regenerative models were included. Data extraction and methodological quality overview were performed independently by two reviewers. Results were synthesized descriptively. Of 280 identified records, 13 studies met the inclusion criteria, including 9 in vivo studies, 3 in vitro studies, and 1 clinical study. Various ESM formulations were evaluated, including native, modified, mineralized, soluble, and composite systems. Overall, ESM-based materials demonstrated favorable biocompatibility, osteogenic potential, angiogenic activity, and support for bone healing and osseointegration. Modified ESM systems generally showed superior regenerative performance compared with native ESM. The only clinical study reported improved socket healing, increased bone density, and reduced postoperative pain when ESM was combined with advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF). Methodological limitations included heterogeneity of study designs, limited standardization, and scarcity of clinical evidence. Current evidence suggests that ESM is a promising biomaterial for bone regeneration and GBR applications. However, further standardized and well-designed clinical studies are necessary to confirm its long-term safety, efficacy, and clinical applicability.