ArticleHealth affairs scholar2026
Generics in Medicaid increased in price and shifted to larger manufacturers amid 2022-2023 amphetamine shortage.
Article in Health affairs scholar, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
3 authors.
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Abstract
Introduction: In late 2022, several manufacturers of immediate-release (IR) amphetamine-based stimulant drugs reported shortages to the FDA. Regulatory requirements for amphetamine and other controlled substances, such as manufacturer-specific quotas set on raw materials, may exacerbate shortage effects on price and quantity. Methods: Using 2018-2024 Medicaid State Drug Utilization Data, we studied the impact of the 2022-2023 amphetamine shortage on spending, spending per prescription (ie, prices), and dispensing of amphetamine products. Results: Despite a significant decline in prescriptions dispensed per enrollee following the shortage announcement, gross spending per enrollee increased by 7% between 2022-Q2 and 2023-Q1. Prices for generic IR products increased by 6% between 2022-Q2 and 2023-Q1 and accounted for more than half of spending growth. Changes in prescription volume varied significantly by manufacturer, with relatively stable trends through the shortage for larger generic manufacturers and sharp declines for smaller manufacturers. Conclusion: Despite substantial government oversight in controlled substance markets, prices increased for generics during the shortage. Differences in dispensing across manufacturers implied that, in Medicaid, larger firms adapted more effectively to supply disruptions.
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