ArticleJournal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies2026
Islet Autoantibody and Beta Cell Secretory Status at Diagnosis in Young Bangladeshi with Phenotypically Type 2 Diabetes.
Article in Journal of the ASEAN Federation of Endocrine Societies, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: The overlapping clinical features in young-onset type 2 diabetes (T2DM) present significant diagnostic difficulties. Variable autoimmunity and beta-cell dysfunction, which are related to the phenomenon, are not sufficiently consolidated to distinguish subclasses. Objectives: To determine the frequency of islet autoantibodies and beta-cell secretory status in phenotypically young Bangladeshi with T2DM. Methodology: This cross-sectional study enrolled 83 patients with newly diagnosed young-onset phenotypically T2DM, aged 10 to 29 years, comprising 34 males (41%) and 48 females (59%), using non-probability purposive sampling. The demographic and clinical features of the patients were recorded. A fasting blood sample was collected for C-peptide and islet antibodies (anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase [GAD], zinc transporter 8 [ZnT8], and Islet Antigen 2 [IA-2] antibodies). C-peptide, anti-GAD Ab and IA-2 Ab were measured by chemiluminescence, while the ZnT8 Ab was measured by enzymelinked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: An adequate beta cell secretory reserve was present in 97.6% of participants (N = 82), with a median C-peptide level of 4.3 ng/mL (IQR: 3.0-6.7). Of the 82 patients included, GAD Ab was found to be positive in 17% (n = 14), ZnT8 Ab in 2.4% (n = 2), and none were positive for IA-2 Ab or a double antibody (ZnT8 Ab + GAD Ab). The frequency of double diabetes (DD) [GAD Ab positive subjects] was 17% (14/82). Comparing the GAD Ab positive to the negative group, the former had a significantly lower homeostasis model assessment of β-cell function (HOMA-B) at 24.7 (16.3-99.1) [versus 81.9 (30-154) in the latter ( Conclusion: GAD Ab was the most commonly detectable antibody in this study of young-onset phenotypically T2DM patients. The concentration of GAD Ab may influence the phenotypic presentation, but it is not a predictor of C-peptide levels. Beta-cell dysfunction in this subset of patients may depend on certain yet unexplored factors.
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