ArticleEuropean journal of breast health2026
Expression and Survival Analysis Show High Mobility Group (HMG) Family as Prognostic Biomarkers in Breast Cancer.
Article in European journal of breast health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: High-mobility group (HMG) protein families are critical regulators of chromatin structure and gene expression in breast cancer. This study systematically evaluates their expression patterns, genetic interactions, and clinical relevance. Materials and Methods: Expression profiles of HMG proteins were analyzed using mRNA data from gene expression profiling interactive analysis 2. We performed protein-level validation using the Human Protein Atlas. Prognostic significance was assessed through survival analysis, while genetic alterations were mapped using cBioPortal. Pathway enrichment and protein-protein interactions were explored with EnrichR and Search Tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins, respectively. Associations with p53 mutation status were investigated using University of Alabama at Birmingham Cancer Data Analysis Portal. Results: HMGA1 emerged as a central driver in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), forming a transcriptional complex with FOXM1 that activated VEGFA-mediated angiogenesis, which correlated withwas associated with poor patient survival. In contrast, HMGA2 overexpression was paradoxically associated with favorable outcomes despite promoting tumor angiogenesis. HMGB1 regulation was linked to genomic instability and metastasis, yet it showed potential protective effects in survival analyses. HMGB2 independently predicts poor prognosis in large tumors, and HMGB3 correlates with aggressive progression. HMGB4, though expressed at low levels, is associated with improved survival in early-stage patients. HMGN1 and HMGN4 promoted tumor growth, while HMGN2 suppressed proliferation and induced apoptosis, highlighting its therapeutic potential. Conclusion: HMG proteins exhibit context-dependent roles in breast cancer, with HMGA1, HMGB2-3, and HMGN1/4 driving tumors, while HMGA2, HMGB1, HMGB4, and HMGN2 show protective or paradoxical effects. These findings position HMG proteins as both biomarkers and therapeutic targets, particularly HMGA1 in TNBC angiogenesis and HMGN2 in the induction of apoptosis.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.