ArticleCost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E2026
From out-of-pocket to prepaid financing? projected health expenditure and financing mix in Egypt, 1995-2050.
Article in Cost effectiveness and resource allocation : C/E, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundEgypt's health financing is characterised by persistently high out-of-pocket (OOP) payments exceeding 50% of total health expenditure and a declining government share, threatening financial protection and universal health coverage (UHC). Despite the 2018 Universal Health Insurance Law, whether current trends can achieve Egypt's OOP reduction targets by 2030 remains unknown. We aim to quantify levels, composition, and temporal dynamics of Egypt's health spending (1995-2050) and identify historical inflexion points.
methodsCountry-level synthesis of Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Health Financing estimates (1995-2021) and projections (2022-2050). OUTCOMES: total health expenditure (THE), government health expenditure (GHES), prepaid private (PPP), out-of-pocket (OOP), and development assistance for health (DAH), in constant 2022 USD, per capita terms, and % of GDP. Historical trends (1995-2021) were modelled using segmented log-linear (joinpoint) regression with Newey-West heteroscedasticity- and autocorrelation-consistent (HAC) standard errors, reporting segment APCs, 95% CIs, and AAPCs. Long-run change summarised with CAGRs for 1995-2021 and 1995-2050. A pre-COVID Alternative scenario was trained with machine-learning ARIMA models on 1995-2017 to assess robustness.
resultsIn 1995, THE was 7.37 billion USD (GHES 34.2%, PPP 1.7%, OOP 62.1%). By 2021, THE reached USD 20.71 billion (GHES 37.2%, PPP 6.0%, OOP 54.6%). Historically, THE grew 4.06%/yr (1995-2021); full-period CAGR 3.62% (1995-2050). Joinpoint analysis showed accelerations in 1995-2001 and 2010-2017, followed by a flat 2017-2021 segment; PPP was the fastest-growing component (AAPC = 8.8%), with OOP remaining the largest despite a modest share decline. GBD projections indicate USD 52.04 billion by 2050, with GHES 26.6%, PPP 19.1%, OOP 53.8%, DAH 0.6%; per-capita THE rises to USD 319, while THE/GDP = 0.05%. The pre-COVID Alternative scenario (1995-2017) projected PPP rising to 65.9%, GHES declining to 12.7%, and OOP to 21.2%.
conclusionsEgypt's health spending will more than double by 2050. Both GBD and pre-COVID scenarios project a retreat of public financing and a growing reliance on prepaid private mechanisms. While dependence on PPP may help mitigate the burden of OOP, it may undermine equity and financial protection without a corrective policy.
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