ArticleBMC ecology and evolution2026
Introgression among maternal lineages inferred from complete mitogenomes and molecular dating helps resolve phylogeography of European roe deer.
Article in BMC ecology and evolution, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundThe European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) is one of the most widespread ungulates in Europe, with a phylogeographic structure mainly shaped by Pleistocene glacial cycles and secondary contacts with the Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus).
methodsWe sequenced 52 complete mitogenomes of C. capreolus from Slovenia, Poland and France, and combined them with 24 publicly available sequences of C. capreolus and C. pygargus, yielding an alignment of 76 genomes representing 59 haplotypes (42 from C. capreolus and 17 from C. pygargus). Phylogeographic structure was assessed using a median-joining network, and divergence times were estimated using a time-calibrated Bayesian phylogeny based on mitochondrial coding regions, incorporating published ancient C. pygargus mitogenomes. We additionally screened mitochondrial protein-coding genes for selection.
resultsThe haplotype network recovered the three major European roe deer clades (Eastern, Central, and Western) and detected Central-clade haplotypes in France. Two Polish haplotypes (Cp9 and Cp10), detected in C. capreolus, clustered within the C. pygargus mitochondrial lineage, supporting mitochondrial introgression. Time-calibrated phylogenies placed introgressed haplotypes within established C. pygargus lineages. Selection analyses provided limited evidence for episodic positive selection restricted to a small number of codons.
conclusionsWhole mitogenomes improve resolution of roe deer phylogeography and reveal introgressed maternal lineages, while time-calibrated phylogenies and selection tests add evolutionary context for interpreting mtDNA diversity in genus Capreolus.
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