ArticleMolecular psychiatry2026
Engineering functional ventral midbrain dopaminergic neurons in human organoids through WNT modulation and bioreactor culture.
Article in Molecular psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Human midbrain organoids (hMOs) derived from induced pluripotent stem cells provide a powerful system to model disorders involving dopamine (DA) dysfunction, including Parkinson's disease (PD) and neuropsychiatric conditions. However, current differentiation protocols still fall short in recapitulating early specification, substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc)-like identity, and the functional maturation of vulnerable DA neurons. Here, we established a differentiation strategy that combines tri-phasic WNT modulation with dynamic bioreactor culture to generate hMOs enriched in SNpc-like DA neurons. This approach significantly increases the yield of TH⁺/GIRK2⁺ and TH⁺/ALDH1A1⁺ DA neurons and promotes enhanced synaptic maturation, robust electrophysiological activity, and elevated DA release. Single-cell transcriptomics revealed that this strategy drives the emergence of SOX6
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