SCNT and genome editing in Buffalo, the black gold of the tropics.

Buffalo is a vital livestock species in tropical and subtropical regions, contributing significantly to milk, meat, draught power, and rural livelihoods. Various reproductive biotechnologies have been explored to enhance the productivity and genetic merit of buffalo populations. Among these, somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) has emerged as a promising tool for the multiplication of elite germplasm and the preservation of valuable genetic resources. Since the birth of the world's first cloned water buffalo in 2009, substantial progress has been made to improve the efficiency of SCNT through optimization of donor cell types, oocyte and embryo culture systems, and the application of epigenetic modifiers to overcome reprogramming barriers. India alone has reported the successful production of more than 30 cloned buffaloes, while other countries have also documented encouraging outcomes. The integration of SCNT with modern genome editing technologies offers a transformative opportunity for precision breeding in buffalo. Although studies in buffalo genome editing remain limited compared to cattle, recent breakthroughs-the first successful birth of a genome-edited (MSTN gene knockout) buffalo-demonstrate the feasibility and future potential of this combined approach. In conclusion, the convergence of SCNT and genome editing represents a powerful platform for advancing buffalo genetic improvement programs, with the potential to substantially strengthen buffalo husbandry and productivity in tropical nations.