ArticleImmunoHorizons2026
An early protective effect of IL-9 in murine systemic lupus erythematosus.
Article in ImmunoHorizons, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a progressive antibody-mediated autoimmune disease characterized by systemic immune complex deposition. A subset of SLE patients has elevated CD4+IL-9+ T cells as well as increased levels of secreted interleukin (IL)-9 and IL9 messenger RNA compared with healthy control subjects. However, because IL-9 can have both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects in autoimmune disease, its function in SLE is unclear. We use the MRL/lpr murine model of SLE to demonstrate that IL-9 exhibits protective activity in the early stages of disease. Treatment of these mice with an IL-9 neutralizing antibody from 6 to 12 wk of age results in an expansion of immune cells, leading to exacerbation of disease. In contrast, treatment with anti-IL-9 from 6 to 18 wk of age does not significantly alter disease course compared with isotype control. Anti-IL-9 antibody treatment of these mice results in reduced systemic IL-2 levels, IL-9+ type 2 innate lymphoid cells, and regulatory T cells in the kidney, suggesting an IL-9-dependent suppressive cellular circuit similar to that observed in rheumatoid arthritis. Importantly, supplementation of IL-2 during IL-9 blockade recovers regulatory T cell numbers and limits disease. Together, these data demonstrate an IL-9-dependent suppressive circuit that is evident early in the development of SLE which may be amenable to manipulation to achieve a therapeutic benefit.
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