ArticlemSystems2026
Gain and loss of plasmid-borne antibiotic resistance genes are associated with chromosomal resistance presence in Enterobacteriaceae.
Article in mSystems, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Plasmids are central vehicles for the dissemination of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). They are among the most mobile and evolvable genetic elements, with broad host ranges and high rates of gene turnover, making them especially effective in spreading antibiotic resistance across bacterial lineages. Using the phylogeny-aware gene gain and loss model applied to 6,895 Enterobacteriaceae genomes, we quantified four evolutionary processes-gene gain, loss, expansion, and reduction-for plasmid-borne genes. We found that, overall, plasmid-borne ARGs (pARGs) exhibit similar gain rates compared with other plasmid genes, but significantly higher expansion and reduction rates. All four processes were strongly species-dependent, with only a minor influence of antibiotic class. Furthermore, bacterial clades harboring chromosomal ARGs (cARGs) showed significantly higher acquisition and lower loss of plasmid-borne resistance than did their sister clades lacking corresponding cARGs. Moreover, we found that the IncQ2 backbone was associated with
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