ArticleEquity neuroscience2026
Global DNA methylation and MTHFR gene polymorphism status of ghanaians with early-onset intracerebral hemorrhage: implications for future interventions.
Article in Equity neuroscience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Contrary to global trends, the incidence of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in Sub-Saharan Africa is on a relentless rise, with a relatively early age of onset. While studies among Africans have largely focused on traditional risk determinants, global evidence indicates that genetic and epigenetic variations substantially impact ICH risk. Aim: This study aimed to determine the association between MTHFR C677T polymorphisms and ICH risk among Ghanaians with ICH onset at age ≤ 50 years and to compare global DNA methylation levels. Methods: We conducted a case-control study among 164 ICH cases and 164 matched controls. Genotyping was by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and quality was ensured by including positive and negative controls, with a 100% recall rate. Further validation was through in-silico analysis using National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) reference sequences (https://bit.ly/4kB2KBT). Genotype distribution was categorized as CC = homozygous wild-type, CT = heterozygous, and TT = homozygous variant. Global DNA methylation status was measured using the ab117128 Methylated DNA Quantification Kit. Results: The frequency of the CC genotype was 100%, while the CT and TT genotypes were absent in both ICH cases and controls. This limited further assessment of associations. Global DNA methylation status was found to be significantly higher in ICH cases (2.62 ng) compared to controls (2.48 ng), Conclusions: In this Ghanaian cohort, no meaningful evaluation of the association between the MTHFR C677T polymorphism and ICH risk was possible due to its monomorphic distribution. However, increased global DNA methylation in ICH cases compared to controls suggests a potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in the pathophysiology of early-onset ICH, with possible prospects for risk mitigation, particularly in this nutritionally vulnerable population. Further genome- and epigenome-wide association studies are warranted in this population.
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