Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42305410›Full record

ReviewNeurosurgery practice2026

Neurosurgical Care in Italy: A Comprehensive Review and Lessons for High-Income Nations.

Alessandro Hammond, Leonardo Paolini, Cameron J Sabet, Shriya Garg, Arnav Ajay Jadav, Aditya Arkalgud, Sruthi Ranganathan, Khushi Kohli, Urvish Jain, Pierpaolo Peruzzi and 7 more

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Neurosurgery practice, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Alessandro HammondHarvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2681-614X
Leonardo PaoliniUniversity of Florence, Florence, Italy.
Cameron J SabetGeorgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia, USA.
Shriya GargUniversity of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA.
Arnav Ajay JadavWashington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Aditya ArkalgudUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Sruthi RanganathanSchool of Clinical Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
Khushi KohliHarvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Urvish JainUniversity of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
Pierpaolo PeruzziDepartment of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
Raffaella MessinaDivision of Neurosurgery, Department of Translational Biomedicine and Neurosciences (DiBraiN), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", University Hospital Policlinico of Bari, Bari, Italy.
Giuseppe E UmanaDepartment of Neurosurgery, Trauma and Gamma Knife Center, Cannizzaro Hospital, Catania, Italy.
Gabriella GhashghaieHarvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Sohum ShahHarvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Alexander ZhamkochyanHarvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA.
Melat Mezgebu BawokeAddis Ababa University College of Health Science, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
Bhav JainStanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Italy's neurosurgical system provides valuable insights for developed nations seeking to optimize care delivery while managing aging populations and resource constraints. With approximately 1000 neurosurgeons (1.69 per 100 000 people) distributed across 141 neurosurgical divisions, Italy delivers equitable access through its National Health Service while demonstrating exceptional cost-effectiveness, with procedures averaging $11 907 compared with $24 754 in the United States. Italy has integrated cutting-edge technologies including virtual and augmented reality applications that reduce surgical errors by up to 36% in mixed-reality neuronavigation, alongside virtual reality-based rehabilitation programs improving cognitive function and pain management. The system's 77 active multidisciplinary teams optimize complex cases in neuro-oncology and pediatric neurosurgery, supported by systematic care improvements including the Homogeneous Waiting Group approach for clinical prioritization, digital preassessment tools, and tele-neuro-rehabilitation programs that reduce hospital readmissions. Structured follow-up care with standardized 3 to 4 month intervals demonstrates superior early recurrence detection compared with variable international practices. This report will delve in greater detail Italy's innovative approach to neurosurgical procedures, training, and educational methodologies that are producing better outcomes for patients and health care professionals.

Indexed as

Cost-effectivenessDigital healthHealth systemsItalyMinimally invasive surgeryNeurosurgeryTelemedicine

Identifiers

PMID42305410
PMCPMC13268485

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.