ArticleArchives of medical science : AMS2026
Global, regional, and national burden of respiratory diseases and attributable risk factors in adolescents and young adults, 1990-2021: a Global Burden of Disease 2021 analysis.
Article in Archives of medical science : AMS, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Introduction: Respiratory diseases impose a substantial global burden on adolescents and young adults (AYAs, aged 15-39 years), yet this population remains undercharacterized. Material and methods: Using Global Burden of Disease 2021 data, we assessed incidence, mortality, DALYs, and attributable risk factors for respiratory diseases among AYAs across 204 countries and territories. Estimates were stratified by age, sex, location, and sociodemographic index (SDI). Temporal trends were evaluated using estimated annual percentage change (EAPC), and associations with development were analyzed via LOESS regression (span = 0.5). Results: In 2021, upper respiratory infections had the highest age-standardized incidence rate (152,791.5/100,000), while tuberculosis caused the highest age-standardized mortality rate (6.8/100,000). Air pollution was the leading risk factor, contributing to 32.76 age-standardized DALYs per 100,000 for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and 62.37 for lower respiratory infections (LRIs). Sex-based disparities were evident: males had higher burdens of pneumoconiosis, LRIs, and tracheal/bronchus/lung cancers, whereas asthma and pulmonary arterial hypertension were more prevalent in females. Regionally, low-SDI areas bore the greatest burden for TB and LRIs, while high-SDI regions had higher rates of URIs and asthma. Smoking was the primary driver of COPD burden specifically in high-income countries. Conclusions: Respiratory diseases present a heterogeneous global health challenge for AYAs that varies by sex, region, and development status. These findings support targeted strategies: control of infectious disease and air quality improvement in low-SDI regions where TB and LRIs predominate, alongside enhanced asthma management and tobacco control in high-income areas where URIs and smoking-related COPD burden are more prevalent.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.