ArticleArchives of medical science : AMS2026
Evaluating the causal relationship between sex hormones and oral cavity cancer: a Mendelian randomization study.
Article in Archives of medical science : AMS, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Observational studies on sex hormones and oral cavity cancer show inconsistent results. This two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study investigated potential causal associations between genetically predicted levels of six key sex hormone-related factors - total testosterone (TT), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), estradiol (E2), estrogen receptor (ESR), estrogen sulfotransferase (EST), and breast cancer anti-estrogen resistance protein 3 (BCAR3) - and oral cavity cancer risk. Material and methods: Summary-level data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for exposures and oral cavity cancer, obtained via the IEU OpenGWAS, were analyzed using inverse variance weighted (IVW) as the primary method, complemented by weighted median, weighted mode, and MR-Egger regression. Sensitivity analyses included MR-Egger regression (directional pleiotropy), Cochran's Q (heterogeneity), and MR-PRESSO (outlier detection/correction). Results: IVW analysis linked genetically predicted higher EST (OR = 1.24, 95% CI: 1.04-1.48, Conclusions: To our knowledge, this is the first comprehensive MR study linking sex hormone-related factors (E2, EST, BCAR3) to increased oral cavity cancer risk. Further validation is needed to explore prevention and treatment implications.
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