ArticleSmall methods2026
A Versatile Multiplexed Immunofluorescence Strategy for Efficient, Host-Independent, and Scalable Spatial Protein Profiling.
Article in Small methods, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Immunofluorescence (IF) remains a central method for high-content spatial biology, but current approaches face several technical barriers. Indirect two-step IF is the most widely used but constrained by host-species requirements and lengthy workflows. Direct IF avoids this constraint but requires chemical conjugation of each primary antibody to a fluorophore, resulting in weaker signals, fixed antibody-fluorophore pairings, and reduced flexibility. Antibody-nanobody complexes provide a promising host-independent solution but have been limited by inconsistent performance and reduced efficiency. Commercial spatial biology platforms achieve high-plex imaging, but many rely on costly custom reagents or specialized microfluidics instrumentation, limiting broad accessibility. We introduce umIF, a strategy that leverages macromolecular crowding to enhance labeling efficiency across diverse IF workflows. It enables robust, host-independent multiplexing with antibody-nanobody complexes, while also improving performance across direct, one-step, and two-step IF workflows, including detection of weak targets. We demonstrate both single- and multicycle umIF in human tissue samples and mouse models, revealing epithelial, stromal, immune, and epigenetic organization in normal and disease contexts. umIF provides a versatile and accessible method for scalable spatial proteomics, lowering barriers to adoption in both research and clinical laboratories.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.