ArticleDiabetes/metabolism research and reviews2026
Associations of GA and GMI/GA Ratio With All-Cause Mortality in Well-Controlled Type 2 Diabetes Defined by Continuous Glucose Monitoring.
Jiaying Ni, Cheng Zhang, Jinghao Cai, Chunfang Wang, Wei Zhu, Yufei Wang, Xiaojing Ma, Jingyi Lu, Tian Xia, Jian Zhou
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In one paragraphArticle in Diabetes/metabolism research and reviews, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Jiaying NiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.
Cheng ZhangVital Statistical Department, Institute of Health Information, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
Jinghao CaiDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.
Chunfang WangVital Statistical Department, Institute of Health Information, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.
Wei ZhuDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.
Yufei WangDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.
Xiaojing MaDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0001-9607-161X Jingyi LuDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0003-1105-4189 Tian XiaVital Statistical Department, Institute of Health Information, Shanghai Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0001-5938-3761 Jian ZhouDepartment of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai, China.ORCID 0000-0002-1534-2279 Funding
Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project 2024ZD0532000Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases-National Science and Technology Major Project 2024ZD0532001Shanghai Action Plan for Science, Technology and Innovation 23JS1401000Shanghai Leading Talent Program of Eastern Talent Plan LJ2024121Shanghai Oriental Talent Program (Outstanding Project)
6 · The paper itselfAbstract
aimsThere is uncertainty whether traditional glycemic metrics remain associated with long-term outcomes among patients with type 2 diabetes who achieve recommended continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) targets. This study was aimed to investigate the association of glycated albumin (GA) and ratio of glucose management indicator to GA (GMI/GA) with risks of all-cause mortality in type 2 diabetes achieving CGM targets. MATERIALS AND
methodsA total of 3482 patients with type 2 diabetes who met CGM targets, defined as time in range (TIR) >70%, time below range (TBR
resultsDuring a median follow-up of 11.0 years, 514 patients (14.8%) died. GA exhibited significant linear positive association with risks of all-cause mortality, and the highest GA quartile had 34% increased risk (HR = 1.34, 95% CI 1.01-1.78). Conversely, GMI/GA ratio showed significant non-linear association (p for nonlinearity = 0.042). Compared with the reference third quartile (0.36-0.40), participants in the lowest quartile (<0.30) had 40% higher risk of all-cause mortality (HR = 1.40, 95% CI 1.10-1.80).
conclusionAmong patients achieving CGM targets, elevated GA and lower GMI/GA were associated with higher risks of all-cause mortality. These findings suggest that traditional glycemic metrics may complement CGM metrics in the assessment of long-term risks.
Indexed as
BiomarkersDiabetes Mellitus, Type 2Glycemic ControlSerum AlbuminAgedBlood GlucoseCause of DeathContinuous Glucose MonitoringFemaleFollow-Up StudiesGlycated HemoglobinGlycated Serum AlbuminGlycation End Products, AdvancedHumansMaleMiddle AgedBiomarkersBlood GlucoseGlycated HemoglobinGlycated Serum AlbuminGlycation End Products, Advancedhemoglobin A1c protein, humanSerum Albuminall‐cause mortalitycontinuous glucose monitoringglucose management indicatorglycated albumintype 2 diabetes
Identifiers
PMID42304677
PMCPMC13272923
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