ArticleParasites & vectors2026
Vaccination with live-attenuated Toxoplasma gondii mutants RHΔtkl1 and PruΔpp2a-c induces protective immunity in sheep.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundToxoplasma gondii is a globally distributed intracellular parasitic protozoan. It infects nearly all warm-blooded animals and causes a zoonotic disease of worldwide significance. Currently, the only commercially available vaccine, Toxovax
methodsSheep were immunized via intramuscular injection in the neck with 1 × 10
resultsThe results demonstrated that both knockout strains induced only transient fever. Following immunization and subsequent challenge with Pru oocysts, the T. gondii-specific IgG antibody levels in sheep increased rapidly and remained elevated for an extended period. Histopathological analysis indicated mild organ lesions in heart, liver and lung tissues among immunized infected sheep, whereas non-immunized infected sheep exhibited severe widespread inflammation. Immunohistochemical analysis of brain tissue revealed significantly lower values for four parameters (positive cell ratio, density, histochemistry score, immunoreactive score) in immunized groups (P < 0.01). A significant reduction in brain cysts was observed in immunized and challenged sheep (P < 0.01) compared with unimmunized and challenged sheep. The parasite burden of T. gondii in heart tissue was significantly reduced (P < 0.01). Compared with mice inoculated with sheep brain tissue from unimmunized groups challenged with T. gondii Pru oocysts and tachyzoites, mouse bioassay results showed that the mice inoculated with sheep brain tissue from groups immunized with RHΔtkl1 or PruΔpp2a-c tachyzoites and subsequently challenged with T. gondii Pru oocysts and tachyzoites exhibited a significantly lower proportion of positive genomic T. gondii DNA in the brain (P < 0.001), as well as significantly reduced levels of T. gondii-specific antibody IgG in the serum (P < 0.0001). Similarly, mice inoculated with sheep visceral tissue from the same immunized and challenged groups also showed a significantly reduced proportion of positive genomic T. gondii DNA in the brain (P < 0.0001) and significantly reduced levels of T. gondii-specific antibody IgG in the serum (P < 0.0001).
conclusionsThe gene knockout strains RHΔtkl1 and PruΔpp2a-c showed a certain degree of safety in sheep, and they induced strong humoral and cellular immune responses in sheep, significantly mitigating acute infection symptoms and tissue damage. Notably, PruΔpp2a-c showed greater potential in suppressing cyst formation. Both strains are potential attenuated candidates against sheep toxoplasmosis.
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